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What Is Periodontal Disease?

Periodontal disease, also called gum disease, is a chronic bacterial infection that affects gums and bone supporting the teeth.1 The condition can arise for many reasons. Major causes are poor dental hygiene and smoking.1 Diabetes, unhealthy diet, and stress also can add to your chance of developing gum disease.1,4 People who have uncontrolled diabetes may develop periodontal disease more often and more severely than those with controlled diabetes.5

Early gum disease, called gingivitis, is characterized by red, swollen, bleeding gums. In this milder form of the disease, only the gums are affected. At this stage, the condition is treated with daily brushing and flossing, and regular dental cleanings. Gingivitis is usually reversible.1,2,3

In later-stage disease, called periodontitis, gums are seriously damaged and begin to pull away from the teeth. You may also lose supporting bone.1,2 This stage of the disease may require surgical treatment and is not reversible.1

The first line of defense against gum disease is good oral care. Brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, paying special attention to the gum line, and floss once a day. Also important: Avoid smoking. Finally, see your dentist regularly to have your teeth cleaned and checked.1,2

1 “Fact Sheet: Periodontal Disease.”Academy of General Dentistry. www.agd.org/public/oralhealthfacts/ Accessed 2008.

2 “Oral Health.” National Women’s Health Information Center , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health, September 23, 2008. http://womenshealth.gov/faq/oral_health.htm#j Accessed 2008.

3 “Periodontal (Gum) Disease: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ).” American Dental Association. http://www.ada.org/public/topics/periodontal_diseases_faq.asp Accessed 2008.

4 “Periodontal Disease: Overview.” American Dental Association. http://www.ada.org/public/topics/periodontal_diseases.asp Accessed 2008.

5 "Diabetes and Your Oral Health: Frequently Asked Questions." American Dental Association. http://www.ada.org/public/topics/diabetes_faq.asp Accessed 2008.

Date Last Reviewed: 10/11/2008
Date Last Modified: 10/11/2008
The views represented by this article are that of the author and not of Delta Dental. This article is provided for information only. Please consult with a licensed dentist to discuss the best way for you to improve or maintain your oral health.

In all cases, specific group contract provisions, benefits, limitations and exclusions take precedence over oral health recommendations given here. We recommend that you contact your dental benefits carrier to determine the specific limitations and exclusions for your group.